An eruption began in South Iceland in late evening of 20 March 2010 at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system (also known as Eyjafjöll volcano – Global Volcanism Program Volcano number 1702-02=). Iceland has several volcanoes and is situated on two tectonic plates – the North American plate and Eurasian plate. Seismic tremor recorded by the Icelandic Meteorological Office: Some fluctuations, but mostly stableEruption plume: The strength and tephra content of the plume varies. Thirteen microearthquakes were recorded in the Mýrdalsjökull caldera from 11 to 14 June, most at a shallow depth. Please respect copyright and authorship of the data. It is important that the water level be checked regularly. Tephra sedimentation during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption (Iceland) from deposit, radar, and satellite observations C. Bonadonna,1 R. Genco,2 M. Gouhier,3 M. Pistolesi,4 R. Cioni,5,6 F. Alfano,1 A. Hoskuldsson,7 and M. Ripepe2 Received 22 April 2011; revised 5 October 2011; accepted 6 October 2011; published 16 December 2011. Radar images acquired yesterday, 20 April, by the Icelandic Coast Guard showed no changes in the size of the cauldron at the eruption site of Eyjafjallajökull, compared with images from 19 April - Eyjólfur Magnússon, 20. The nature of the volcanic hazard – type, frequency, magnitude After ruling out the 300-foot Lagarfljóts worm, investigators concluded that only Grýla—best known for emerging from her cave at Christmastime in search of naughty children to stuff in a sack—possessed the power necessary to generate an eruption of Eyjafjallajökull's magnitude. Eyjafjallajökull eruption: A new phase started on 14 April 2010A new phase of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption started around midnight on the 14th of April, where melt penetrated its way to the central crater beneath the glacier. Acquired May 2, 2010, this natural-color image shows an ash plume and steam over the summit of Eyjafjallajökull Volcano. This is consistent with chemical analysis of the magma erupted, intermediate chemical composition (58 wt% silica) (Níels Óskarsson). The eruption was accompanied by earthquakes and has opened up a new vent. GPS measurements show slight movements towards the mountain except at Austmannsbunga in Mýrdalsjökull, which shows movement towards southwest. Over time, the earthquakes rose towards the surface, and land near the volcano rose at least 40 millimeters (2 inches)—both indications that magma was moving underneath the volcano. The magnitude of the surface area can then be estimated at approximately 500,000,000 km2, reported to one significant figure. (in Icelandic), (Overview of hazard due to volcanic eruptions and jökulhlaups from the western part of Mýrdalsjökull and Eyjafjallajökull) In: Magnús T.Guðmundsson and Ágúst Gunnar Gylfason (editors): Hættumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa frá vestanverðum Mýrdalsjökli og Eyjafjallajökli, 11-44. 13 p.  Reykjavík.Oskarsson, Birgir Vilhelm 2009. O By Olivier A. It was a Strombolian eruption in the first phase and Vulcanian in the second phase. The eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland were a series of volcanic activities from March to June of 2010. Eruptions are continuing at the volcano. Eruption in Iceland at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system begins 20 March 2010An eruption began in South Iceland in late evening of 20 March 2010 at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system (also known as Eyjafjöll volcano – Global Volcanism Program Volcano number 1702-02=). Modeling of the GPS data suggest deformation due to a volume change of a shallow magma source (1 km depth). 2. Katla and Eyjafjallajökull Volcanoes, Developments in Quaternary Sciences, vol 13, 5-21.Sturkell, E., P. Einarsson, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, A. Hooper, B. G.Ófeigsson, H. Geirsson and H. Ólafsson, Katla and Eyjafjallajökull volcanoes, In:  The Mýrdalsjökull Ice cap, Iceland - Glacial processes, sediments and landforms on an active volcano. Note that parts of the glaciers are greyish/black due to the ashfall (i.e. Extensive deformation is observed both north and south of Eyjafjallajökull. The eruption was preceded with intense seismicity and high rates of deformation in the weeks before the eruption, in association with magma recharging of the volcano. Lava flows short distance from the eruptive site, and minor eruption plume atelevation less than 1 km was deflected by wind to the west. The volcano continued to have several earthquakes daily, with volcanologists watching the mountain closely. Ash fall is 30 m deep near the crater. This change suggests that an equillibrium has been reached in magma flow in and out of the volcano.Plot showing the displacement (pdf file - data from Sigrún Hreinsdóttir, runa@hi.is)Eyjafjallajokull Volcano - GPS Time Series (by Sigrún Hreinsdóttir)New map of the lava flow from 21 - 24 March 2010 (by Eyjólfur Magnússon, pdf file), Results from observations flights over the eruption site 21 and 22 March 2010 (pdf file compiled by Eyjólfur Magnússon). Science Institute Research Report RH-28-99. The massive volcanic plumes released on the 14th of April 2010, covered almost the entirety of Northern Europe and forced more than 20 countries to close their airspace. 16th May 2010 Update Eruption update 21 AprilEruption continues with less explosive activity. Ash emissions from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland reached a maximum height of 27,000 ft on 15th May. Ash emission from Eyjafjallajokull volcano forced the temporary closure of schools in southern Iceland. The eruption started at the 14th of April, but the dimensions of the cauldrons on the image are drawn according to a radar image from the Icelandic Coastguard, taken on the 20th of April. Airborne tephra that has been carried to the east and south of the volcano (see memo by Thorvaldur Thordarson, Guðrún Larsen and Ármann Höskuldsson, pdf-file), The preliminary results are as follows:Tephra in ice cauldrons 30 Million m3Tephra in Gígjökull lagoon 10 Million m3Tephra fallout from eruption plume 100 Million m3Total: 140 Million m3. A significant eruption was continuing at Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland. THEY and SKOG are steel quadripod stations and STEI and STE2 are tripod and steel rod stations, respectively. On the northern side a tephra wall rises 20 meters above the water. Give the type, frequency and magnitude of the 2010 eruption. From the preliminary GPS results three phases in the signal development can be identified: (i) the first one started at the end of December by a southward motion of THEY, (ii) at the beginning of February, the direction of displacement at THEY changed to the SW, at the same time as eastward motion of station SKOG began, (iii) since the 5th of March, rapid deformation is observed at STE2, both towards north west and up. On 15 April the eruption plume reaches mainland Europe with closure of airspace over large part of Northern Europe. Volc., 68, 377-393, 2006.Pedersen, R., F. Sigmundsson,InSAR based sill model links spatially offset areas of deformation and seismicity for the 1994 unrest episode at Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, Geophys. As of August 2010, Eyjafjallajökull … Ríkislögreglustjórinn og Háskólaútgáfan. Tephra next to craters is 20-30 m thick. Seismic tremor recorded by the Icelandic Meteorological Office: Some fluctuations, with a peak shortly after midnight 22 April related to a small flood of meltwater. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010. MODIS photo taken 17 April at 13:17. Magma is melting its way through the icecap producing a circular ice free area by the summit 200 meters in diameter. Material (tephra) in the ice cauldrons around the volcanic vents: 30 million cubic metres (39,000,000 cu yd) 2. Ash emissions from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland are decreasing as parts of the glacier have melted, allowing lava to reach the surface without magma-water interaction. The eruption occurs just outside the ice cap of Eyjafjallajökull, and no ice melting is occurring at present.Satellite data is being used to study the eruption and associated intrusion. Suppl., Abstract V32B-03Contacts:Freysteinn Sigmundsson (fs@hi.is), Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson (mtg@hi.is), Gudrun Larsen (glare@raunvis.hi.is), Sigrun Hreinsdottir (runa@hi.is), Páll Einarsson (palli@hi.is), Ingibjörg Jónsdóttir (ij@hi.is), Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of IcelandSteinunn Jakobsdóttir (ssj@vedur.is), Kristin S. Vogfjord (vogfjord@vedur.is), , Sigurlaug Hjaltadottir (slauga@vedur.is), Gunnar B. Gudmundsson (gg@vedur.is), Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavik,Iceland. The resulting flood would flow to the north, down the Gígjökull valley glacier, and could reach a maximum of 1500-2000 cubic meters per second. The volume decrease estimated from the GPS data (3-10 million cupic m) is however only a small portion of the volume estimated to have erupted in the first few days (Magnús Tumi Guðmundsson et al.). The last historical eruption of Eyjafjallajökull prior to an eruption in 2010 produced intermediate-to-silicic tephra from the central caldera during December 1821 to January 1823 . More glacial bursts are expected as the eruption continues. There was a 40 mm inflation of the volcano. A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. About 100 million cubic meters of material has been erupted so far. Businesses lost trade. There were active, frequent earthquakes and the volcano is now considered to be dormant. Eruption plume loaded with tephra (ash) rises to more than 8 km, with tephra fallout in inhabited areas around the volcano. Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of Gígjökulslón, carried by floods down the outlet glacier Gígjökull.3. Five million travelers are stranded, waiting for flights to resume. 1), which is overlain by a 200 m thick ice-cap bearing the same name, has produced three eruptions since the tenth century: in 1612, from 1821 to 1823, and the recent 2010 events.Past eruptions have produced very fined-grained ash deposits typically found within a 10 km radius from the Eyjafjallajökull crater (Larsen et al. Bad weather makes visual observations difficult, but surveillance flights with radar and temperature sensors will shed light on the new conditions later today. Overnight wind conditions at the eruptive site change. The grounding of flights has already cost the British economy about £1 billion, with £230m losses for every day of further disruption. Meltwater started to emanate from the ice cap around 7 o’clock on April 14 and eruption plume was observed in the early morning. The station had been moving south since the intrusion activity started in the end of December. No fatalities as people had been evacuated from hazardous areas. It is a continuation of eruptive activity in the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system that began 20 March 2010. Pulses are observed off and on. Explosive eruptive phase of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, begins 14 April 2010The eruption plume from Iceland that has caused the unprecedentedcatastrophic disruption of air traffic and closure of airspaces over northern Europe is due to an explosive eruptive phase that began at the Eyjafjallajökull volcano on April 14. The water volume is now less than 0.5 million cubic meters. A phonecall in the dead of night was the first inkling the people living on the Thorvaldseyri farm had that Iceland's glacier-covered Eyjafjallajokull volcano was about to erupt. This will be good news for travelers because it will help clear skies over Europe. The ice walls at the southwestern corner of the crater are melting, i.e. April 2010:   Latest results from GPS stations around Eyjafjallajökull show deflation associated with the eruption. The effects of the volcanic eru… Over 30 earthquakes less than magnitude 2 were recorded at a depth of 30 km. Craters in autumn. Eruptive products can be split into three categories along with preliminary estimated erupted volumes: 1. Locals reported lava fountaining and a lava flow from the glacier. The magma composition may reflect evolution from alkali-olivine basalt by crystal fractionation as erupted in the initial phase.Contacts:Freysteinn Sigmundsson (fs@hi.is), Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson (mtg@hi.is), Niels Oskarsson (nielso@hi.is), Gudrun Larsen (glare@raunvis.hi.is), Sigrun Hreinsdottir (runa@hi.is), Pall Einarsson (palli@hi.is), Rikke Pedersen (rikke@hi.is), Ingibjorg Jonsdottir (ij@hi.is), Nordic Volcanological Center, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland. Eruptions continue from Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland, with ash emissions to 4500 m altitude. The eruption was limited to an area with little ice, so the threat of a flood was reduced. The initial visual report of the eruption was at 23:52 GMT, when a red cloud was observed at the volcano, lightening up the sky above the eruptive site. 14th April 2010 update Map of the eruption site 20 April 2010The image below shows the eruption site at the top of Eyjafjallajökull volcano. The Institute of Earth Sciences made a preliminary estimate of erupted material in the first three days of the eruption on 14 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull. Eyjafjallajokull volcano, Icelandic volcano whose name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning ‘the island’s mountain glacier.’ Lying beneath Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier), its summit rises to 5,466 feet (1,666 meters) above sea level. Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull - Status Report, 23 June 2010Steinunn S. Jakobsdóttir,Magnús Tumi GuðmundssonVery little activity at Eyjafjallajökull volcano. This eruptive phase was preceded with a swarm of earthquakes from around 23:00 on 13 April to 1:00 on 14 April. Developments in Quaternary Sciences, vol., 13, eds. On May 23rd, the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Commission declared the eruption to have stopped. This is the first time that British airspace has been totally closed. Some airlines are not taking any new bookings on flights to Europe until the middle of May, as the backlog of travelers need to be cleared first. The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption. Gosið í Eyjafjallajökli 1821-1823 (The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 1821-1823). The fissure vent eruption on Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland on March 21, 2010. Eruption update 23 AprilSimilar situation for the last two days (see 21 April report). This photo was taken at sunrise on a Saturday morning in October, by Ólafur Sigurjónsson who lives in Forsæti III nearby and has done frequent flying across the eruptive area. BGS scientists respond to volcanic eruptions and contribute to the Scientific Advisory Group in Emergencies (SAGE However volcanic eruptions are unpredictable, and activity can change without warning. Anders Schomacker, Johannes Krüger and Kurt H. Kjær, p. 5-21, 2009.Hjaltadottir, S., K. S. Vogfjord and R. Slunga, 2009. the Sólheimajökull glacier).Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir (astahj@hi.is), Páll Einarsson (palli@hi.is), Eruption update 22 AprilSimilar situation as yesterday (see 21 April report). The eruption lit up the night sky so residents could see perfectly as in the day time. However, a station at the northeastern caldera rim (AUST), moved about three centimeters towards the southwest from the 9th to the 13th of June, inward to the caldera. Volcanic explosive index (VEI) is 1 or less. Meltwater: Low discharge from Gígjökull. A MODIS satellite image at 03:41 GMT shows the eruption plume bending from south to east, and a NOAA AVHRR satellite image acquired at 07:01 GMT shows plume heading from the volcano towards the south. The most recent began in December 1821 and lasted intermittently for more than a year. Viewing the image, it can be seen that the ash has been falling towards the south and east of the eruption site. Katla volcano is known for powerful subglacial phreatomagmatic eruptions producing basaltic tephra layers with volumes ranging from ~0.01 to more than 1 cubic kilometer.Three previous eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull are known in the last 1100 years (historical time in Iceland). A second jokulhlaup/lahar emanates from the ice cap down the Markarfljot valley in the evening. 1612 Eruption 9th May 2010 Update Conditions at eruption site: At the eastern, southern and western sides of the crater lake is a wall of ice. 17th April Update AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. The two images show a large change in range from ground to satellite between September 1999 and March 20, 2010, just prior to the eruption that began around 22:30 GMT. Tephra filling the glacial lagoon of Gígjökulslón, car… 2010 Eruption Seismic tremor:Low tremor level. If the water level rises 20 meters, the volume will be 3 million cubic meters. 1821-23 Eruption Water accumulation in the crater is slow as the ice is no longer in contact with hot material. GPS deformation:The seismic activity beneath Mýrdalsjökull glacier does not appear to be related to inflation of the area. Very little steam was observed at Gígjökull glacier on the northern side of the volcano. Jokulhlaup/lahar occurs in the evening. After a short hiatus in eruptive activity a new set of craters opened up in early morning of 14 April under the volcano’s ice covered central summit caldera. Travelers were stranded in Australia, USA, and Europe as connecting flights to Europe were affected. Based on: IMO seismic monitoring; IES-IMO GPS monitoring; IMO hydrological data; web camera; lightning detection system and flights over the eruption site 11 and 14 June. Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull - Status Report: 17:00 GMT, 15 June 2010Icelandic Meteorological Office and Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland. Travel was severely disrupted as many flights were cancelled between 14 and 21 April 2010. 16th April 2010 update The closure resulted in 10 million passengers left stranded across the world. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travelacross western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Magnús Tumi GuðmundssonÞorvaldur ÞórðarsonGuðrún LarsenÁrmann HöskuldssonÞórdís HögnadóttirEyjólfur MagnússonHazard due to eruptions and floods from Katla and Eyjafjallajökull, south Iceland - a short summary of: Magnús T. Guðmundsson et.al, 2005: Yfirlit um hættumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa frá vesturhluta Mýrdalsjökuls og Eyjafjallajökli. Flights have resumed to airports in Scotland and northern England, and airports are expected to reopen in France and Germany later in the day. A. Vandeginste Samples collected 19 April have 850 mg/kg (initially it was 25-35 mg/kg). Steam clouds:Height (a.s.l. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010. Flow in the Markarfljót river increased significantly and the water level has risen by 84 centimeters. This is due to the change in eruptive style – tephra is now not washed to the same extent by water in the eruptive plume.Amount of erupted material: Uncertain but on the order of 100 millon cubic meters. Overall, the eruption was … There have been no changes in crater size at Eyjafjallajokull volcano since 19th April. Chemical analyses of ash samples reveal fluorine rich intermediate eruptive products with silica content of 58%, more evolved than in the initial lava producing phase of the eruptive activity. Map of the lava flow on Fimmvörðuháls from 21 March - 7 April 2010 (by Eyjólfur Magnússon, pdf file), A view from space on the crustal deformation associated with magma intrusion - preceding the March 20th eruptionFirst interferometric analysis of synthetic aperture radar images acquired by satellites reveal extensive deformation associated with a magmatic intrusion under Eyjafjallajökull preceding the eruption. Phreatomatic explosive activity occurs with some lava spatter at craters.Plume height: about 3 kmTephra dispersal: local towards the southMeltwater: minor, but what is melted flows down into Markarfljót, no signs of water accumulation in cratersSeismic tremor recorded by the Icelandic Meteorological Office: some fluctuations but mostly stable. Katla did not display any unusual activity (such as expansion of the crust or seismic activity) during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull, though geologists have been concerned about the general instability of Katla since 1999. GPS stations around Eyjafjallajokull volcano (http://notendur.hi.is/runa/eyja_gps.html) show continued deflation of the region, but now at a much slower rate at the stations closest to the summit. All flights in the UK have were grounded due to ash emission Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland. The eruption resulted in the cancellation of 17,000 flights, worldwide. Compiled by: Bergthóra S. Thorbjarnardóttir, Magnús Tumi Guðumundsson, Sigrún Hreinsdóttir and Gunnar Sigurðsson. Tephra fall is minor or insignificant. Records show eruptions in 920, 1612 or 1613, 1821–23, and 2010. On 20 March 2010, an eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano began in Fimmvörðuháls following months of small earthquakes under the Eyjafjallajökull glacier. There was a 40 mm inflation of the volcano. 5 An eruption at Eyjafjallajokull in April 2010 … An ash plume blows toward the southeast, passing over a dark ash field on the land surface. Ash is approaching the coast of Canada near Newfoundland, and is expected to reach the coast at about 1 pm. The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was presaged by a series of earthquakes starting in early March. Several MODIS thermal images on 21 March show a temperature anomaly where the eruption is occurring. When Eyjafjallajökull erupted in 2010, it clogged the atmosphere with so much volcanic ash that at one point the plume was grounding tens of … Explosive activity at the eruptive site and seismic tremor continue at a relatively stable rate without a decline overnight. 111 p. http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~mtg/nemritg/BV-MS_2009.pdfPedersen, R., Freysteinn Sigmundsson and Páll Einarsson, 2007: Controlling factors on earthquake swarms associated with magmatic intrusions; Constraints from Iceland, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,162,73-80.Pedersen, R., Sigmundsson, F., Temporal development of the 1999 intrusive episode in the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, derived from InSAR images, Bull. Although the volcanic eruptions were relatively small, the effects had a hugely debilitating impact on the European airline industry. No significant vertical deformation has been observed at GPS stations at or around the glacier. ^ to top Insight into the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull from GPS data  - Sigrún Hreinsdóttir and Þóra ÁrnadóttirIn the first two days of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano summit eruption (14. (pdf from ppt presentation), Eruption update: 17 April, morning – stable eruption, change in wind conditions. Winds are blowing the ash over Europe, causing flights to remain grounded. Some may be waiting for more than a week to find available seats. The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull produced volcanic ash that was mostly deposited to the south and east of the volcano with the thickest deposits closest to the eruption vents. thesis, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland. The first 2010 eruption occurred at Fimmvörðuháls. Ash loaded eruption plume rose to more than 8 km height, deflected to the east by westerly winds. Eruption of Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, Iceland. Ashfall was reported in Vik, southern Iceland on 8th May. The background image is from the US/Japan ASTER project, and was acquired on the 19th of April. Phreatomagmatic eruptions continue from the northern crater, and a plume is reaching an altitude of 3 km. The erupted products are fragmented material, the majority fine-grained airborne tephra. Update on activity in Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland.

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