tet offensive analysis

Tet Offensive, attacks staged by North Vietnamese forces beginning in the early hours of January 31, 1968, during the Vietnam War. At a meeting in July, Thanh briefed the plan to the Politburo. [226] Clifford quietly sought allies and was assisted in his effort by the so-called "8:30 Group" – Nitze, Warnke, Phil G. Goulding (Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs), George Elsey and Air Force Colonel Robert E. Pursely. Doyle, Lipsman and Maitland, pp. [54] The resultant Resolution 14 was a major blow to domestic opposition and "foreign obstruction". This was especially true during the battle for Hue, where ARVN troops and U.S. Marines liberated the city after engaging in some of the fiercest close-quarters combat of the war. "[91] All U.S. forces were placed on maximum alert and similar orders were issued to all ARVN units. 22–23) while William Duiker (p. 289) and Clark Clifford (p. 475) believed that it was so intended. Duiker, p. 296. [57] Since the Politburo had already approved the offensive, all he had to do was make it work. 1859 Words 7 Pages. [207], During the first two weeks of February, Generals Westmoreland and Wheeler communicated as to the necessity for reinforcements or troop increases in Vietnam. Also see Doyle, Lipsman and Maitland, p. 56. Originally published in the February … [251] The actions also brought more death and suffering to the city's inhabitants. Contrary to Western belief, Hồ Chí Minh had been sidelined politically since 1963 and took little part in the day-to-day policy decisions of the Politburo or Secretariat. A further 87,000 were made homeless while more than 500 were killed and another 4,500 were wounded. "[31] By the end of the year the administration's approval rating had indeed crept up by eight percent, but an early January Gallup poll indicated that forty-seven percent of the American public still disapproved of the President's handling of the war. "[239] According to the Pentagon Papers, the advice of the group was decisive in convincing Johnson to reduce the bombing of North Vietnam.[240]. [123] Lasting 25 days,[124] the battle of Huế became one of the longest and bloodiest single battles of the Vietnam War. The Khe Sanh actions would draw PAVN forces away from the offensive into the cities, but Giáp considered them necessary in order to protect his supply lines and divert American attention. It was launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong (VC) and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), the United States Armed Forces and their allies. In 1967 the Vietnam-American War was stalled. He had single-handedly shifted the nation's war strategy and restored himself to prominence as the Party's ideological conscience. In the Mekong Delta the Viet Cong was stronger now than ever and in other regions the countryside belongs to the VC. A .30-caliber machine gun on the second floor of the headquarters disabled both cars and killed or wounded several sappers while the Navy security force organized a counterattack. 1247, CIA: Intelligence Warning of the Tet Offensive in South Vietnam; An Interim Study, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam 1960-68, Part 2, Library of Congress Country Studies: Vietnam & The Tet Offensive, MILESTONES: 1961-1968, U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968, Bibliography: The Tet Offensive and the Battle of Khe Sanh, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tet_Offensive&oldid=990990055, Attacks on diplomatic missions of the United States, Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1968, Battles of the Vietnam War involving Australia, Battles of the Vietnam War involving New Zealand, Battles of the Vietnam War involving Thailand, Military history of the United States during the Vietnam War, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Articles that include images for deletion from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Depletion of Viet Cong leading to the use of greater North Vietnamese manpower. Ibid. By departing from classical guerrilla tactics and assaulting southern cities, the North Vietnamese had unwittingly pitted themselves against their opponents’ greatest strengths. Moscow, on the other hand, advocated negotiations, but simultaneously armed Hanoi's forces to conduct a conventional war on the Soviet model. This surprise attack is known as the Tet Offensive and many people viewed this as a turning point in the Vietnam War. During their occupation, the PAVN/VC executed thousands of people in the Massacre at Huế. The violence and destruction witnessed during the offensive left a deep psychological scar on the South Vietnamese civilian population. During 1967 things had become so bad on the battlefield that Lê Duẩn ordered Thanh to incorporate aspects of protracted guerrilla warfare into his strategy. In August, Chinh's report on the situation was accepted in toto, published, and broadcast via Radio Hanoi. There is conflicting evidence as to whether, or to what extent, the offensive was intended to influence either the March primaries or the November presidential election in the U.S.[62], According to General Trần Văn Trà, the new military head of COSVN, the offensive was to have three distinct phases: Phase I, scheduled to begin on 30 January, would be a countrywide assault on the cities, conducted primarily by VC forces. Now they were gone, used up, heros, dead heros. 72-8. “The launching of the Tet Offensive signified the end of a bitter, decade-long debate within the VWP,” writes Nguyen. They concluded that the Saigon government and the U.S. presence were so unpopular with the population of the South that a broad-based attack would spark a spontaneous uprising of the population, which, if the offensive was successful, would enable the North Vietnamese to sweep to a quick, decisive victory. "[47], The arguments over domestic and military strategy also carried a foreign policy element, as North Vietnam, like South Vietnam, was largely dependent on outside military and economic aid. "[166] General Wheeler reported that the offensive had brought counterinsurgency programs to a halt and "that to a large extent, the VC now controlled the countryside". See also Zaffiri, p. 305. Over 190 targets, including every government and military installation on both sides of the river would be hit on January 31 by a force of five thousand. This group was led by Communist Party First Secretary Lê Duẩn and Lê Đức Thọ (no relation). "[221] To meet Wheeler's request would mean a total U.S. military commitment to South Vietnam. Beijing advocated that North Vietnam conduct a protracted war on the Maoist model, fearing that a conventional conflict might draw China in, as had happened in the Korean War. [78], By the beginning of January 1968, the U.S. had deployed 331,098 Army personnel and 78,013 Marines in nine divisions, an armoured cavalry regiment, and two separate brigades to South Vietnam. "[55], Contrary to Western belief, General Giáp did not plan or command the offensive himself. "[220], According to the Pentagon Papers, "A fork in the road had been reached and the alternatives stood out in stark reality. [104][105], The US Embassy in Saigon, a massive six-floor building situated within a four-acre compound, had been completed only in September. It was not until after the conclusion of the first phase of the offensive that Hanoi realized that its sacrifices might not have been in vain. By November this total reached 3,823 and, in December, 6,315. [172] Following the Tet Offensive and subsequent U.S.-South Vietnamese "search and hold" operations in the countryside throughout the rest of 1968, the VC's recruiting base was more or less wiped out; the official Vietnamese war history later noted that "we could not maintain the level of local recruitment we had maintained in previous years. To pave the way and to confuse the allies as to its intentions, Hanoi launched a diplomatic offensive. By December 1967 there were indications to U.S. military commanders in the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City) that the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese were preparing for a major military campaign. The role of the U.S. media in fostering and furthering this belief in North Vietnamese strength during that period has been a topic of study and argument, and the Tet Offensive certainly produced some of the most enduring images of the war. Although Giáp went to work "reluctantly, under duress", he may have found the task easier due to the fact that he was faced with a fait accompli. [41] As a result, there were more strident calls by the moderates for negotiations and a revision of strategy. Westmoreland, p. 328. [27] According to public opinion polls, the percentage of Americans who believed that the U.S. had made a mistake by sending troops to Vietnam had risen from 25 percent in 1965 to 45 percent by December 1967. U.S. and South Vietnamese officials declared that the communists had suffered a resounding military defeat, and this was certainly the case. A Gallup poll in January 1968 revealed that 56 percent polled considered themselves hawks on the war and 27 percent doves, with 17 percent offering no opinion. [142][143] Historian Gunther Lewy claimed that a captured VC document stated that the communists had "eliminated 1,892 administrative personnel, 38 policemen, 790 tyrants. South Vietnamese-American tactical victory;[1] North Vietnamese/Viet Cong propaganda, political and strategic victory[2], In Phase One: Although Saigon was the focal point of the offensive, the PAVN/VC did not seek a total takeover of the city. [200] This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. [39] General Nguyễn Chí Thanh the head of Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN), headquarters for the South, was another prominent militant. During the initial phase of the offensive, the U.S. death toll in Vietnam increased to more than 500 per week, and, as the casualty numbers rose, U.S. public support for the war effort declined. Upon their arrival, the two men bolstered the administration's claims of success. From. Citizens were called on “to side with the ranks of the people and to give their arms and ammunition to the revolutionary armed forces.” In the event, this cooperation largely failed to materialize. [245][246], During the early morning hours of 4 May, PAVN/VC units initiated the second phase of the offensive (known by the South Vietnamese and Americans as "Mini-Tet") by striking 119 targets throughout South Vietnam, including Saigon. "[174] However, this change had little effect on the overall result of the war, since in contrast to the VC, the PAVN had little difficulty making up the casualties inflicted by the offensive. The United States had prevented the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong from taking control of the South, but could not force them to abandon their struggle (Hess, 103). [17] When the offensive did begin, a total of 27 allied maneuver battalions defended the city and the surrounding area. [19] Subsequently, the U.S. sought negotiations to end the war. Although the attacks were costly failures in military terms, they set the United States on a path of MACV estimated that 5,500 PAVN troops had been killed and considerably more wounded. On January 30, 1968, the real Tet Offensive began. Just ten days after the attack began on Khe Sanh, Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces staged brutal attacks on … "[30] This prompted the administration to launch a so-called "Success Offensive", a concerted effort to alter the widespread public perception that the war had reached a stalemate and to convince the American people that the administration's policies were succeeding. See also Westmoreland, pp. [120] The rest of the city was overrun by PAVN forces which initially totaled approximately 7,500 men. This was purely a political ploy, however, since the North Vietnamese would probably again refuse to negotiate, casting the onus on them and "thus freeing our hand after a short period...putting the monkey firmly upon Hanoi's back for what was to follow. The Tet Offensive. According to Clifford: "The simple truth was that the military failed to sustain a respectable argument for their position. Duiker, p. 288. Tet Offensive : In 1968, the National Liberation Front and Vietcong launched a surprise attack against American and South Vietnamese forces on the eve of the lunar New Year’s Day. Westmoreland insisted that he only needed those forces either in-country or already scheduled for deployment and he was puzzled by the sense of unwarranted urgency in Wheeler's queries. [216] Westmoreland wrote in his memoir that Wheeler had deliberately concealed the truth of the matter in order to force the issue of the strategic reserve upon the President. Includes casualties incurred during the "Border Battles", Tet Mau Than and the second and third phases of the offensive. Clifford, p. 482. Westmoreland himself clai… Weyand, a former intelligence officer, was suspicious of the pattern of communist activities in his area of responsibility and notified Westmoreland of his concerns on 10 January. Provided with "blacklists" of military officers and civil servants, they began to round up and execute any that could be found. [73], On 27 October, an ARVN battalion at Sông Bé, the capital of Phước Long Province, came under attack by an entire PAVN regiment. Although the north Vietnamese suffered massive casualties it gained a psychological and political victory for the communists, dramatically contradicting optimistic claims by … Continuing their border-clearing operations, three PAVN regiments asserted heavy pressure on the U.S. Special Forces camp at Bu Prang, in Quang Duc Province, five kilometers from the Cambodian border. They were joined there by the 1st Australian Task Force, a Royal Thai Army regiment, two South Korean Army infantry divisions, and the Republic of Korea Marine Corps brigade. MACV estimated that 181,149 PAVN/VC troops had been killed during 1968. By 1967 growing numbers of Americans were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the war. The logistical build-up began in mid-year, and by January 1968, 81,000 tons of supplies and 200,000 troops, including seven complete infantry regiments and 20 independent battalions made the trip south on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Yet the coordinated attack stunned Americans. [188][189] Military mobilization, anti-corruption campaigns, demonstrations of political unity, and administrative reforms were quickly carried out. Scenes of the Tet Offensive, South Vietnam, January–February 1968. To probe this question, we must review briefly the details of the Tet offensive. The first maintained that the political consequences of the winter-spring offensive were an intended rather than an, Dougan and Weiss, p. 23. Protesters demonstrating against the Vietnam War, New York City, April 27, 1968. By the time the fighting was over, between 1,200 and 1,600 PAVN and 262 U.S. troops had lost their lives. Others: 4,124 killed19,295 wounded604 missingTotal casualties in Phase One:45,820 casualties (9,078 killed, 35,212 wounded, 1,530 missing)[7][8]123 aircraft destroyed, 214 heavily damaged and 215 medium damaged[9], The Tet Offensive (Vietnamese: Sự kiện Tết Mậu Thân 1968), or officially called The General Offensive and Uprising of Tet Mau Than 1968 (Vietnamese: Tổng Tiến công và Nổi dậy Tết Mậu Thân 1968) was a major escalation and one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War. If it worked, all would be well and good. During the first half of 1969, more than 20,000 PAVN/VC troops rallied to allied forces, a threefold increase over the 1968 figure.[257]. [160][161] Their first and most ambitious goal, producing a general uprising, had ended in a dismal failure. [156] Khe Sanh Base was later closed on 5 July 1968 because the base was seen as having less of a strategic importance than before. The attacks were carried out against five major South Vietnamese cities, dozens of military installations, and scores of towns and villages … In September, Carver devised a compromise: The CIA would drop its insistence on including the irregulars in the final tally of forces and add a prose addendum to the estimate that would explain the agency's position. Lyndon B. Johnson did not desire any expansion of the ground war. [254] A thrust against Da Nang was preempted by the U.S. Marines' Operation Allen Brook. "[173] As also noted by the official history, "because our armed local forces had suffered severe losses, guerrilla operations had declined. In total, about 85,000–100,000 PAVN/VC troops had participated in the initial onslaught and in the follow-up phases. [77] To deter any such possibility, he deployed 250,000 men, including half of MACV's U.S. maneuver battalions, to I Corps. The Essay on The Tet Offensive War Vietnam American. Please answer the following questions in a separate word document. Tet Offensive Activity in Vietnam War: Students Examine Cronkite's Tet Analysis!This lesson on the Vietnam War is included in two bundles to save you big: Vietnam War Resource Bundle and the 12 resource Cold War Bundle!Buy a bundle and save a bundle!-----In this highly-engaging activity, students u This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tet-Offensive, Vets War A Memoir - History of Vietnam - Tet Offensive, The History Learning Site - The Tet Offensive, Office of the Historian - U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive, 1968. "[228][229], While this was being deliberated, the troop request was leaked to the press and published in The New York Times on 10 March. [22] Westmoreland was deeply concerned about the possible perceptions of the American public to such an increased estimate since communist troop strength was routinely provided to reporters during press briefings. (2002) "Foreword," in. (2002) "Foreword," in Military History Institute of Vietnam Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, p. xiv. Shulimson, p. 213. Westmoreland's fixation upon the base continued even as the battle raged around him in Saigon. As far as MACV was concerned, the August offensive "was a dismal failure". 1,800 U.S. and ARVN troops were isolated and under intense attack when MACV made the decision to avoid a situation reminiscent of that at Khe Sanh. [252] During part of the second phase (5 May – 30 May) U.S. casualties amounted to 1,161 killed and 3,954 wounded,[253][251], Phase III of the offensive began on 17 August and involved attacks in I, II and III Corps. The Joint Chiefs had repeatedly requested national mobilization, not only to prepare for a possible intensification of the war, but also to ensure that the nation's strategic reserve did not become depleted. [93] PAVN/VC forces also mortared or rocketed every major allied airfield and attacked 64 district capitals and scores of smaller towns. 's and enemy battle 8 hours north of Saigon", "Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975 (book review)", https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2007/R3060.pdf, "Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics", United States Army Center of Military History, Vietnam: History of the Bulwark B2 Theater, Volume 5: Concluding the 30 Years War. 1968 Tet offensive . Increasingly vocal antagonism against any escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam put greater pressure on the Johnson administration and the U.S. Congress. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. It was followed immediately by Operation Toan Thang I (8 April - 31 May) which expanded the security operation across III Corps and resulted in a further 7645 VC killed and 1708 captured for South Vietnamese losses of 708 killed, U.S. losses of 564 killed and other Allied losses of 23 killed. Secretary of State Dean Rusk was called before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and questioned for 11 hours. [114] Specialist Nicholas J. Cutinha would be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Quoi Xuan. No history of that war can be complete without an analysis of this offensive. The territory is being gained. [198] No matter that the PAVN/VC lost about 30,000 of their best troops in the fighting at Tet, they were capable of replacing those lost with new recruits from North Vietnam. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The MACV Combined Intelligence Center, on the other hand, maintained that the number could be no more than 300,000. On 9 June, President Johnson replaced Westmoreland as commander of MACV with General Creighton W. Abrams. Concessions had been made to the center group, however, by agreeing that negotiations were possible, but the document essentially centered on the creation of "a spontaneous uprising in order to win a decisive victory in the shortest time possible. His "faction-bashing" tirade sparked a serious debate within the party leadership which lasted for four months. This redeployment may have been one of every twelve South Vietnamese defeat, and housing construction for new! This time, however, no South Vietnamese government between first two, and 11 missing more... Losses were the 41 PAVN prisoners taken and the compound of the.! May, however, still responded without any real sense of urgency war ''! 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